Our study revealed new miRNAs that regulate piperine biosynthesis, which are special alkaloids in the piper genus, and they might be useful for future piperine genetic improvement of black pepper.īlack pepper ( Piper nigrum L.) is well-known as the king of spices and was known as ‘black gold’ in ancient times due to its high commercial value and worldwide use in flavouring food. MiRNA regulation of secondary metabolism is a common phenomenon in plants. We found 3 miRNAs along with their targets including miR166- 4CL, miR396 -PER and miR397- CCR modules that are involved in piperine biosynthesis. qRT-PCR and 5′-RLM-RACE experiments were conducted to validate the reliability of the sequencing data and predicted targets. To dissect the functions of miRNAs in secondary metabolism especially in piperine biosynthesis, 110 known miRNAs, 18 novel miRNAs and 1007 individual targets were identified from different tissues of black pepper by small RNA sequencing. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which are classical endogenous noncoding small RNAs, play important roles in regulating secondary metabolism in many species, but less is known regarding black pepper or piperine biosynthesis. Piperine is the main pungent and bioactive alkaloid in the berries of black pepper, but the molecular mechanism for piperine biosynthesis has not been determined. Black pepper ( Piper nigrum L.), an important and long-cultivated spice crop, is native to South India and grown in the tropics.
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